操控特徵和 cult 特徵

source:

http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%82%AA%E6%95%99

http://baike.baidu.com/view/10628.htm#STAT_ONCLICK_UNSUBMIT_CATALOG

　　Steve Hassan 2000年出版的 "Releasing the Bonds: Empowering People to Think for Themselves"，第二章對操控和cult的解說：

1. 行為控制

住處，家庭，同居者，往來者受到規範；

穿著，打扮等受到規範；

　　食物受到規範；

　　睡眠受到規範；

　　無消閑的空間。

　　教義的灌輸及組織活動（如念經文等）占去人最大部份的時間；

主要決定不能自作，必先取得批准；

　　須要彙報思想，感受與行動予教長；

　　存在行為責罰制度；

　　團體思維高於個人；

　　強硬的規條；

　　須要依賴和服從。

2.    信息控制

　　使用謊言括不發放消息，歪曲信息；

減低教外信息的散布或不鼓勵接觸這些；包括對教批評的說話，和使成員過度忙碌以至無暇接觸外界；

　　做成教“內”和教“外”對壘的局面，由教主決定誰人可知甚麼；

　　鼓勵教徒互相舉報；成立“伙伴”制度（buddy system）；

　　大量並廣泛使用教義及由教派傳播的信息，並大肆宣傳；

　　不道德的“告解”使用，以過犯作為控制手段，不隨便寬恕。

3.         思維控制

將教義定為“真理”－黑白分明的思維；善對惡的思維；教內對壘教外

的思維；

　　使用特殊語言代替正常的思想表達；

　　只容許“好”及“正確”的想法；

　　壓制思考－只許“好”的思想，否定批判、理性想法以及建設性的批評；

　　空想的運用；

　　唱出咒語；

　　冥想；

　　禱告；

　　不能批評教主或教義；

　　不容納別的信仰。

4.    情緒控制

　　使人的感受受控制；

　　相信所有問題都是自己的錯而永不是領導的錯；

　　過度誇大罪惡感；

　　過度誇大恐懼－

　　怕自主；

　　怕“外”界；

　　怕敵人；

　　怕失去救贖；

　　怕離開教派；

　　怕遭否定。

　　使用過大的情緒波動來控制人；

　　公開悔罪；

非理性的恐懼－害怕領導人，害怕離開，不會反駁領導，如離開即對前

途無信心；

　　教外沒有快樂可言，故不能離去；

　　離開即有禍；

　　對離去者杯葛；

　　離去即屬墮落。

cult

cult 26個特征

　　

cult所提供的，正是你很長時間以來尋找卻沒有找到的。很奇怪，他正

好知道你缺什麼。

　　與cult的第一次接觸就為你看問題打開了全新的視線。

　　cult的世界觀非常簡潔明了，能夠藉以解答一切問題。

　　cult試圖從情感上爭取你，其他成員很快就成了你的“好朋友”。

　　你覺得提出批評性看法，那些新朋友會感到失望，而且，如果你總得拒

絕新朋友不斷的邀請會覺得過意不去，因為你不願意做一個不講禮貌的人。

cult越來越多地進入你的生活，逐漸形成一種引力：似乎進去容易出來難。

盡管如此，你還是不清楚cult的情況。對你的要求是，不要思考，不要檢驗。 你的新朋友會說：“這沒法解釋，必須自己去體驗，我們所經歷的完全是另外一個層次……”或類似的說法。

cult有一個擁有真理的大師或者是神的傳話人，他的決定權不受任何懷疑。

cult的教義被視為是唯一真確、永久正確的知識，拒絕傳統的科學，拒絕理性思維，拒絕理智，認為這些只重視腦，是負面的，是屬於魔鬼的等等。

cult缺乏理性的討論文化：因為cult認為自己擁有不可改變的真理，所以認為一切關於自己的教義和組織的討論都是多余的。

　　cult內部的批評者被誣陷、隔絕或開除。

　　來自cult外的批評被當作cult正確的證據。

　　cult總感覺自己被敵對勢力包圍，外部的人都在對自己施展陰謀。

cult只認識兩種人：要麼是朋友，要麼就是敵人，誰不是我們的支持者，誰就是我們的反對者。

世界面臨著大災難，只有cult自己知道，如何讓這世界或自己的信徒得救。

　　cult內部的人是精英，外部的人都在走邪路，充其量是傳教的爭取對像。

　　cult可以為了實現自己的目標不擇手段。

cult內部通過特別的標志或行為規則與其他人隔離開來，比如通過自己的語言、特定的服裝、飲食、對日常生活的控制和對私人關系的干涉。

cult促使你與到目前為止的社會關系隔離，原因是這些社會關系影響你的進步。

cult促使你把自己的資訊來源局限於cult自己的意識形態（不看新聞，不讀報紙，不讀文學作品，只讀cult內部的讀物）

cult給你安排任務，要求你參加活動，占用你幾乎所有的時間（比如賣書刊、參加學習班、參加活動、祈禱、打坐、共同讀書、拉新人入教）。

你很少一個人單獨活動，總是有cult的人來接你，或許你還被要求到cult的集體住處去住宿，對你的個人生活的控制被稱為是對你堅持走唯一正路的支持。

　　cult也為你做通常由每個人自己做的決定。

cult公開或暗示性地要求你嚴格服從，甚至要求你放棄自我，因為這是取得進步或得救的唯一途徑。

如果你對cult產生懷疑，不會有人關心你懷疑的原因，更多的是，你將會聽到某些現成的解釋：這套體系本身沒錯，只是你還沒到時候。

如果你沒能取得進步，那麼原因只在你自己，因為你信得不夠，讀得不夠，理解得不夠，祈禱不夠，打坐不夠或者是上課上得不夠等等。

有時候你會覺得這個cult可怕，覺得自己受到了壓力，可是你很快就排除這種念頭，並且盡力使自己更加靠近這個cult。

編輯本段Steve Hassan(史蒂夫•哈桑)對cult的定義

宗教成癮 (Religious Addiction) 和 靈性或精神虐待 (Spiritual Abuse)

（摘自 http://www.wretch.cc/blog/tsengvicky/21758225）

在教會也常會發現許多人的信仰理念是很古怪的。

序言

我今天要與大家一起來思考「宗教成癮 ＶＳ 靈性虐待」這個古老就存在的問題，自從１９８７年的舊金山人民教堂（People’s Temple）集體移民到該雅納Jonestown 的 912 人集體自殺慘案以來，宗教成癮和靈性虐待（心理控制、洗腦、獨裁主義）再度獲得宗教界和心理學界的注意和研究，而靈性虐待和宗教成癮事實上是一體兩面，有靈性虐待的地方就有宗教成癮的人。

成癮的定義

當一個人過度／衝動的參與（犠牲自己的家庭、工作、經濟安全、與神的關係、身體或心理健康）某種物質、關係或行為者，就稱為「成癮」。

宗教成癮

當我們參加宗教活動不是出於因耶穌的愛和信靠上帝、服事上帝和教會，而是出於渴望由教會和領導者得到的愛和安全感，過度／衝動的參與和服事教會或領導者（犠牲家庭、工作、金錢奉獻、身體或心理健康）時，這就是宗教成癮。宗教成癮是一種不健康的宗教參與，它包括：錯誤的信念和非理性的思考模式。

信仰上的錯誤觀念

行為是在神的國度裡獲得安全感和獨特的方法。

當遇到災難，真正有信心的人仍然會心理很平安。

如果有真實的信心，上帝一定會醫治他或應允他的祈求。

所有的神的僕人（傳道人）都是可以信任的。

物質的祝福是靈性能力的信號。

奉獻越多金錢給神，祂就會賜他更多的金錢。

我可以憑自己努力上天堂。

生命中的問題都是因為犯罪的緣故。

我必須時時滿足他人的需要。

我必須無法條件的順服權柄。

上帝只有使用屬靈的巨人。

真正的信心就是要等候上帝的幫助不要白花力氣。

如果聖經沒有記載的，都是不可靠的（所有的真理都已經記載在聖經）

上帝會許配給我一個完美的伴侶。

堅強的信心會保護我不至於遇到問題和痛苦。

所以發生在我身上的事情都是好的。

上帝恨惡罪人，生我的氣，並處罰我。

耶穌基督只是一個偉大的教師。

上帝太偉大又太忙了沒有時間照顧我。

上帝的心意就是要我不會遇到痛苦。

非理性的思考模式

極端的思考：非黑即白的心態（沒有灰色地帶）。

不實際的結論：不是根據事實或總體的思考的模式（如從不、總是）。

過濾正面的和扭曲事實。選擇性的只聽負面的，對任何事情都抱著負面的態度，特別是自己。

過濾正面和扭曲事情，選擇只聽正面來遮蓋低落的自我價值。不認為自己會有錯誤，錯誤都是別人造成的。情緒化，情緒做為事實的依據，認為自己的知覺是不會錯的。

應該或必須的思考，不斷責備自己不夠上進。

自認須付所有的責任：必須掌握每件事情；滿足他人的需要而忽略自己。

不健康的教會制度或信仰體系

健康的信仰使人無論在身、心靈各方面都是有益。他強化了一個人對自己、他人和神的關係。宗教成癮是在不健康的信仰系統裡發展出來的，下列是不健康信仰系統的特徵：

宣稱自己是獨特的。領導者宣稱自己是可以直接與上帝對話的唯一管道。領導者使用他的優越或（屬靈）來控制追隨者或信徒，除非他們相信和服從，否則就會受到處罰和報應。

領導者宣稱自己有特殊的使命，只有他才能完成，並擁有超自然醫治力量。追隨者尋求親近上帝，卻是聚焦在領導者甚於上帝，領導者是親近上帝和蒙福的唯一管道。

獨裁。教會和事工由於強而有力的領導而成長，獨裁的領導者使用他的獨特人格特質和他的才能與魅力。他相信信徒都要聽從他，對他領導不得有任何的質疑，信徒也當然要投其所好。

一種「我們 ＶＳ 他們」的敵對心態。這種宗教系統強調與世俗征戰來建立他們是自己屬神的人。他們相信他們是服事神，但事實是服事領導者，依據領導者的喜好行事。

基本上是處罰性的。只要有人挑戰領導者的身份，就會被咒詛與處罰，對圈外人來說，全部的事工是負面和處罰性的，失去平衡，無法獲得耶穌基督白白的愛、接納和赦免。

信徒因教會的要求過度的服事而耗盡。

在這系統裡有很多的信徒有生理上的疾病、情緒煩亂、靈命枯乾，因為他們以為服從領導者和熱心教會事工是蒙神喜悅的唯一方式。

封閉的溝通。是一種由上而下或是由裡而外的單向溝通，在頂端的人聽不到信徒的觀點和需要。在系統裡的成癮者也不要關心外在世界的需要。在系統裡面會有人遮擋那些要直接與領導者溝通的人，他也不會告訴領者事實的情況，只告訴領導者想聽的話。

律法主義。重視一個人的外在行為的表現甚於人本身，信徒的價值是依據他的表現（如參加聚會、禱告會、或奉獻）。

沒有客觀的標準。這是宗教成癮的關鍵概念，如果宗教成癮是健康的，他會有良好的人際關係，不健康的教會系統只重視跟上帝的關係。

標籤為背叛者。任何背叛教會領導者和教會的人都會被稱為「背叛者」或是有叛逆的靈，一旦被標籤，他就變為拒絕往來戶，就會被隔離，他的需要不再被關心。

(http://www.wretch.cc/blog/tsengvicky/21758225)

一位前 UBF Director 見證自己已返了 UBF 廿四年，最後承認 UBF 是 cult (異端)

source:  http://www.priestlynation.com/archives/385



內容如下：

21Sep2011

Is UBF a Cult?

Posted by BrianK

A quick Google search will turn up numerous results of people questioning whether University Bible Fellowship (UBF) is a cult or not. I have asked myself that question quite a few times since 1987 when I joined. On the surface, I found many good things about UBF, especially during my college years. I personally was not harmed much in any way during my 24 years in the ministry. Nor did I see many of the reported abuses from other places around the world. Yet just because I fared rather well does not mean other people were not damaged or hurt. In fact, as I look back on my time in UBF, I really was like an ostrich with my head in the sand, pretending not to know about the events I heard others talking about!

But my eyes were opened recently to see that I had hurt others. I had been treated quite differently from others, probably because I became one of UBF’s biggest fans.
From a historical perspective, UBF missionaries from South Korea first came to America in the late 1970′s. Almost immediately, cult-watching groups picked up on UBF’s practices. For many years, I became one of the primary defenders of UBF against such accusations of being a cult. Through my attempts to defend UBF on Wikipedia and various other websites, I came to realize that I could not defend UBF against the cult accusations. It is a fact that the basically sound UBF statement of faith has been negated by cult-like practices. People who study in UBF eventually find out just how much control the group wants over their lives, including who and when to marry, where to work, where to go to school, what kind of degree to have, and all the while demanding absolute attendance at daily meetings. These things are not known to those who initially join the group, and the control is instituted a little at a time over many years.
I will leave it up to others to decide whether UBF is a cult or not. But as a former Director in UBF, I can clearly say that the authoritarian, obedience-driven and honor-desiring actions of UBF leaders has created an unhealthy environment for spiritual, mental and even physical growth. I will certainly not defend UBF as a Christian organization any longer.
While students may enjoy the wonderful fellowship UBF offers initially, spiritual life often becomes stagnated after graduation. I observed this stagnation repeatedly as over 100 of my friends (counting husbands, wives and children), left UBF ministry over the past 20 years.
Here is a good summary of the current situation of UBF ministry in America (and around the world outside of South Korea) from a cult-watching group:
* Note: I was one of those who sent in emails defending UBF to this cult-watching group.

This entry on University Bible Fellowship (UBF) — as shown below the blue line — is in need of updating. Doing so is on our lengthy to-do list, and we do not know when we get around to it.
That said, the primary update of note is that on March 18, 2008, the Board of Directors of the National Association of Evangelicals (NAE) voted to re-admit the UBF as a member.
Since early May, 2008, we have received emails from a number of UBF members pointing out this fact. Some also point to a handful of endorsements the UBF has received, as well as to its membership in the Evangelical Council for Financial Accountability (ECFA). Most of the emails make clear that membership in the NAE — and, to a lesser extend, in the ECFA — is seen as a stamp of approval for the UBF.
We do take such memberships into consideration, but they do not weigh heavily in our evaluations of groups. Many organizations are ill-equipped to deal with issues surrounding high-demand organizations and cult-like groups. They tend to base their determinations almost entirely on whether or not a movement’s Statement of Faith passes their standard of orthodoxy.
Unfortunately, often a group’s Statement of Faith does not quite describe what it actually teaches in word and/or in practice. In other words, a church, movement or organization can have a Statement of Faith that is theologically sound — and yet teach doctrines ranging from aberrant to heretical and/or engage in practices that are sociologically and/or spiritually abusive.
Therefore when it comes to University Bible Fellowship, our concerns regarding the organization have not been diminished as a result of the movement’s re-acceptance by the NAE.
In fact, we consider UBF’s authoritarian, high-demand nature to be evidence of a faulty understanding of the Gospel of Jesus Christ — and of the Bible’s teachings regarding disciples of Jesus.
We do not accept the notion that much of the University Bible Fellowship’s cult-like ideas regarding authority, submission, obedience and discipline can simply be explained by the group’s Korean influences. It is not Korean culture that should influence a Christian’s walk with Jesus. Rather, it should be the other way around.
In short, we have seen nothing that suggests University Bible Fellowship’s teachings and practices should not — at the very least — be cause of concern for Christians. In our opinion, the UBF is an unhealthy organization whose teachings and practices provide a breeding ground for spiritual elitism and abuse.
Theologically, we consider the University Bible Fellowship to be at best an aberrant movement. In Christian theology, aberrant means, “Off-center or in error in some important way, such that the doctrine or practice should be rejected and those who accept it held to be sinning, even though they may very well be Christian.”
Our advice to Christians is not to get involved with the University Bible Fellowship.

(source)

3 Responses to “Is UBF a Cult?”

1. I would like to give my answer to this question. In the past, I adamantly said no, UBF is not a cult. But I did not have clear reasons why. After 5 years of intensely defending UBF on the internet (and a total of more than 20 years passively defending and living UBF programs), I now give the answer of both “yes” and “no”. Here is why.
   In words, documented teachings and official external interactions, UBF presents itself as a Korean-based, worldwide Christian ministry and not as a cult. Korean culture has influenced these interactions, so some see UBF’s emphasis on obedience. I believe this public-facing presentation of UBF is why people such as John Armstrong can make statements like this: “They wholeheartedly accept the Word of God as the basis for their ministry and their theology is consistently within the parameters of orthodox historic Christian faith.” (source) New college students attending UBF programs usually have this viewpoint also.
   In actions, UBF presents itself as a cult, however. So I say yes, UBF is a cult. Normally, it takes about 7 to 10 years for a Bible student to come to this realization, although most can immediately sense some sort of problem with the group. Most people seem to be afraid to use the term “cult”. Most seem to leave UBF in silence. UBF is an environment where cult-like actions are allowed to flourish, and sometimes, rewarded. Sometimes the leaders don’t even realize they are propogating cult-like actions. UBF is not a “hard-core” cult like the Branch Davidians or the militant religious groups we’ve seen in the past. UBF is more of a fringe cult, perhaps more correctly categorized as a totalitarian, authoritarian group or NRM. In actions, the Eastern religious values of honor, power, glory and obedience are made superior to Biblical values (again, usually not in spoken words, but in repeated actions).
   BrianK
   

   September 26th, 2011 at 12:18 pmpermalink
2. This article explains why I have concluded that UBF is a cult of Christianity. I have enough documented evidence to explain my reasoning in a factual, clear way. I will introduce a new website soon that will demonstrate these things clearly:
   http://www.apologeticsindex.org/c45.html
   BrianK
   

   September 29th, 2011 at 12:56 pmpermalink
3. Excellent reading to be able to answer this question:
   http://www.carolgiambalvo.com/what-is-a-cult.html
   BrianK
   

   October 22nd, 2011 at 2:21 pmpermalink